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Typhoon Forrest (1983)
Super Typhoon Forrest was a powerful typhoon that affected Japan in September 1983. Typhoon Forrest formed from a tropical disturbance far from land in the western Pacific Ocean. On September 20, the system was classified as a tropical storm, and thereafter began to intensify. The next day, Forrest reached typhoon status, and the intensification process accelerated. The storm prudently strengthened on September 22, and the following morning, attained peak intensity following a pressure drop of in slightly less than 24 hours. Thereafter, Forrest began to weaken slowly as it moved northwest. Approaching Japan, Super Typhoon Forrest first hit Okinawa on September 27. Nearby, a tornado hit Inza Island, destroying 26 homes and injuring 26 people. Forrest then moved north, impaling the elongated Japanese archipelago before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 28. The torrential rainfall caused by the typhoon triggered deadly landslides and flooding across Japan. In all, the cyclone killed at least 21 people, left 17 listed as missing, and injured 86. Forrest flooded 46,000 homes in muddy water, over 100 dwellings were destroyed, and 2,560 people were rendered as homeless. Seven flights were called off and 27,000 people were stranded. In addition, 67 bridges and 818 roads were damaged.
== Meteorological history ==
Typhoon Forrest originated from an area of disturbed weather that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) around west of Pohnpei in mid-September. Initially, the system was not well-organized; however, it had a sufficient amount of convection. Hurricane Hunters investigated the system four times from September 17–20, though none of them were able to identify a closed atmospheric circulation. Despite this, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued on September 18. This alert was issued again on September 19; meanwhile, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor the system. By early on September 20, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm as it moved west-northwest. During the evening hours of September 20, the JTWC started issuing warnings on the system after the low developed a central dense overcast. At this time, the storm was located about south of Guam. Initially, only gradually strengthening was expected by the JTWC, but this did not occur and by the morning hours of September 21, Hurricane Hunters measured winds of . Based on this, the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm and named it ''Forrest''.〔 Around this time, JMA upgraded Forrest into a severe tropical storm.〔
By 1800 UTC that day, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Forrest to typhoon status as the storm developed an eye.〔〔 After moving away from Guam, Forrest continued deepening,〔 by the evening hours of September 21, Hurricane Hunters estimated a minimum barometric pressure of . Eleven hours later, however, the aircraft reported a pressure of , according to the JTWC, this marked a pressure drop of in a little under a day. Midday on September 22, the JTWC assessed the intensity of the storm at , equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,〔 and placed the storm's barometric pressure at ,〔 which marked the fastest pressure drop ever recorded by a tropical cyclone— in just under 24 hours. By this time, the temperature within the eye had reached . Despite this, the JMA estimated that Forrest had winds of only . Several hours later, the agency still estimated winds of . After a brief turn towards the west-northwest, the JMA reported that Forest attained peak intensity at 0000 UTC on September 23, with winds of and a minimum pressure of .〔
After attaining peak intensity, the storm weakened slightly on September 24 according to the JMA, though the storm briefly restrengthened to its peak wind speed at noon on September 25.〔 By this time, Forrest was moving northwest, and the JTWC expected the storm to recurve due to a weak spot in the subtropical ridge. However, the re-curvature took longer than expected.〔 The JMA suggested that the storm maintained its intensity of for several days. On September 27, however, the JMA estimated that Forrest finally began to weaken.〔 The storm quickly weakened thereafter, and by midday, the JMA downgraded the system into a severe tropical storm. During September 28, the system completed its extratropical transition with the JTWC issuing their final advisory on the system early the next day.〔 After becoming an extratropical cyclone the system recurved and started to accelerate towards the east-northeast, before the JMA stopped monitoring the system during September 30, as it moved into the East Pacific basin.〔〔 Thereafter, several ships reported storm and gale force winds while the system moved towards the east-northeast and along south-west Alaska. The system was subsequently last noted on October 4, as it stalled and gradually dissipated within the Gulf of Alaska, about to the northwest of Vancouver, Canada.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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